Effects of Stroke
The signs and symptoms of a stroke depend on the area of the brain that is affected and how much damage there is. Different parts of our brain control different body functions. Common signs and symptoms include:
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg especially on one side of the body
- Loss of movement and / or sensation down one side of the body
- Sudden trouble walking, clumsiness, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
- Communication and language problems
- Cognitive difficulties e.g. concentration, memory
- Sudden vision loss
- Swallowing difficulties
- Loss of bladder / bowel control
- Sudden severe headache
- Psychological changes e.g. anxiety, depression
- Tiredness
Risk Factors
There are two types of risk factors, namely modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are contributors that you can control or manage to reduce your risk for a stroke.
Modifiable Risk Factors
- Uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure)
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Poor diet and sedentary lifestyle
- Regular heavy drinking
- Smoking
- Oral contraceptive pills
- Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
Unmodifiable Risk Factors
- The risk for a stroke increases with age
- Males have an increased risk of getting a stroke
- Family history of stroke
Speak to your doctor/healthcare professional to learn more about your risk for a stroke and how to manage the risk factors.
Warning Signs
Some signs to look out for when identifying an occurrence of a stroke — remember BE FAST:
- B — Balance: Does the person have a sudden loss of balance?
- E — Eyes: Does the person have vision loss or blurred vision in one or both eyes?
- F — Face: Does the person's face look uneven?
- A — Arm: Is one arm hanging down or weak?
- S — Speech: Does the person have trouble speaking clearly or seem confused?
- T — Time: If you suspect it is a stroke, call emergency services or get to a hospital as fast as you can!
Tests & Diagnosis
After history taking and examination, a hospital admission would usually follow. Several tests may be done:
Brain Scan
To confirm type of stroke and location:
- CT Scan (Computed Tomography) — This can show the kind of stroke you have had and how much damage it may have caused.
- MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) — This can give a more detailed picture of your brain. It is sometimes used instead of a CT scan for certain types of strokes, or to verify CT scan findings.
Other Tests
- Blood tests to look for underlying diseases such as diabetes and high cholesterol
- Chest X-ray and Electrocardiogram (ECG) to evaluate lung and heart condition
- Ultrasound studies to assess blood vessels
- Angiogram to test severity of vessel blockage
Recovery & Rehabilitation
Brain cells do not regenerate post stroke. However, the brain is somewhat flexible and is able to reorganise itself to an extent, in order to regain lost function. This requires the stroke survivor to engage in rehabilitative activities that help these alternative pathways to develop.
Timescales for Recovery
The first six months post stroke are deemed the “optimal recovery period” where rapid recovery can take place and rehabilitation is of utmost importance. Studies have also shown that recovery is still possible after 1 year post stroke, with organised, intensive rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation services may be provided across several care settings, depending on the patient’s medical condition, recovery progress, and individual needs:
- Inpatient Rehabilitation — Comprehensive specialist rehabilitation provided to patients who remain hospitalised and require intensive medical supervision and therapy before safely returning home.
- Outpatient Rehabilitation — Ongoing rehabilitation services for patients who are medically stable and able to return home while continuing treatment at a hospital, rehabilitation centre, or outpatient facility.
- Community Rehabilitation — Rehabilitation support delivered within the community setting, where outreach teams assist patients at home in enhancing functional abilities and promoting greater independence in daily living.
Prevention
Have a Balanced Diet
Limit your intake of salt, sweets and sweetened beverages. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and limit saturated and trans fats.
Exercise Regularly
The American Heart Association recommends walking a minimum of 10,000 steps per day, and 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of high-intensity exercise per week to maintain a healthy heart.
Manage Chronic Diseases
Diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol are known to increase your risk for a stroke. Consult your doctor to understand these conditions and the medications that can help you control them.
Quit Smoking
There are aids that can help you quit, such as the nicotine patch and gum. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist for available options.
Manage Your Stress Level
Emotional stress can lead to hypertension through the release of stress hormones. Engage in favourite activities, exercise, or share your problems with family or trusted friends. Seek professional help if needed.
